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Efficiency, Equality and the Ownership of Property (Routledge Revivals) (Collected Works of James Meade), by James E. Meade
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First published in 1964, this is a study of the extreme inequalities in the ownership of property, in economies across the globe. Professor Meade examines in depth the economic, demographic and social factors which lead to such inequalities. He considers a wide range of remedial policies – educational development, reformed death duties and capital taxes, demographic policies, trade union action, the socialization of property, the development of a property-owning democracy, the expansion of the welfare state.
The argument is expressed in precise analytical terms, but the main exposition is free of mathematics and technical jargon and is designed for the interested layman as well as the economist.
- Sales Rank: #3021724 in Books
- Published on: 2013-10-23
- Original language: English
- Dimensions: 8.25" h x 5.50" w x .50" l, .30 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 92 pages
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2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Forgotten Nobelist's lectures on inequality still fresh 50 years later
By A. J. Sutter
The connection between social inequality and inequality in the distribution of property isn't something first noticed by 21st Century economists like Thomas Piketty and Joseph Stiglitz. Few today have heard of Sir James Meade, who won the 1977 Nobel economics prize for his analysis of international trade. But this volume of his lectures from 1964 still provides a very relevant overview of how technology and the accumulation of property could lead to a highly unequal world. And it does so in under 100 pages of friendly and conversational prose, with just a few pages of high-school algebra.
The mantra of economics textbooks and growth economists is that technology liberates people for more productive work, and is the wellspring of our well-being. Recently, though, economists have begun to fret openly about whether it might just mean the end of the middle class, since fewer people might be needed to work at all (see, e.g., "The Second Machine Age" by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee). Actually, people worried about this 50 years ago, too. Meade was in the vanguard among those who perceived the potential dangers of "automation," the 1960s buzzword for what we sloppily refer to as "technology" today.
Meade's idea was that if automation causes the relative share of national income based on wages to go down, the share of national income based on property will loom larger. Property is unequally distributed -- and unequally passed on from one generation to the next. Moreover, even 50 years ago, it was clear that large amounts of property earn bigger returns than smaller amounts (@44; this is mentioned as the third "divisive force" in Piketty's "Capital in the 21st Century"). The result is the wonderfully-named "principle of Circular and Cumulative Causation" (a name attributed to Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal), also known as "the `to-him-that-hath-shall-be-given' principle" (@43). There you have a few hundred pages of Piketty's book in a couple of lines.
The result, Meade feared, would be a "Brave New Capitalists' Paradise," a developed-country equivalent to an underdeveloped tropical plutocratic economy circa 1960. There would be a limited number of extremely wealthy property owners, and a small technically-skilled working population needed for the "extremely profitable automated industries." This would lead to a depression of the wage rate, and "a large expansion of the production of the labour-intensive goods and services which were in high demand by multi-multi-multi-millionaires; we would be back in a superworld of an immiserized proletariat and of butlers, footmen, kitchen-maids and other hangers-on" (@33). Sadly, Meade's allusion to the dystopian novel "Brave New World" would clearly be lost on some US economists today, who would see his "paradise" without any irony: see, e.g. Chicago-educated Harvard professor Edward Glaeser's contribution to the recent book "In 100 Years," esp. @ p. 63 thereof, where he encourages you to become a "high-end" hairdresser or limousine driver.
The second half of the book analyzes four scenarios for avoiding this "paradise": a trade-union state, a welfare state, a property-owning democracy, and a socialist state. Sir James, maybe the last of the Nobel economists who would describe himself as a "radical left-winger" in politics (@63), didn't dismiss this last alternative out of hand. But he devotes the most attention to the third alternative. One of his proposals for making this alternative viable obviously inspired Thomas Piketty: an annual tax on wealth. However, Meade is even more explicit and lucid than Piketty in considering various forms of taxes on inheritance and living gifts. He also proposes a form of what he calls "eugenics," though this is less alarming than it sounds: he suggests tax incentives for wealthy people to have more children, as a way not only of making it more likely that more children will get the education that could lead to higher wages, but also so that family inheritances might be more likely to be split into smaller legacies among a greater number of heirs.
What's especially visionary about this book is that it was written during what we now know from Piketty's statistics to have been the Good Old Days, roughly from 1945-1980, when inequality in both income and property actually were declining. Piketty himself called this book "a classic," and acknowledged that his own work "follows in the footsteps" of Meade. Unfortunately, that reference is buried in an endnote on p. 582 of the US edition, so few readers will notice it. And that's far more attention than it gets elsewhere: Stiglitz's "The Price of Inequality" mentions Meade (but not this book) only once in passing, and only in the acknowledgements; while "The Second Machine Age" seems to be ignorant of Meade's existence altogether. So this reissue is timely, although a high price and a high price:page ratio impair its chances of rescuing the book from undeserved obscurity. Nonetheless, Meade's book is worth seeking out as a striking reminder of the persistence of certain social problems, and of how little has been accomplished in the past half century to address them.
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